漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

- ]3 K4 Y5 K, u0 p" _. v- V- i7 ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, " S- {' n8 C- O& q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 1 k5 L/ T8 K- m' [8 F( f% x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 Q% F7 e5 ]- _, m& @2 I"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, ' G+ F# Q4 O z! x: o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,2 p# u, t2 L9 t5 Q: H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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$ e7 \6 a8 K' J7 n( a, _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, q: V0 l. w9 ?6 J1 E2 ?% }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, & C2 O& H" c' o) d) R( Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, - P8 R7 m! |/ Y3 b+ c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, `6 U" G K9 K+ r! i9 I* G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ) N+ N9 X- ] S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & ?6 h# m. `5 D( d8 \( M"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, * t8 r8 N$ t- H) a; I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 6 k2 b" T4 d& u9 z1 S: C+ N* w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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9 Y1 N1 a6 I7 p/ U7 i1 a宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 2 G& [& h$ ~( h% mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 C5 U6 i6 j4 z) _( @* M* I2 U' N, b"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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* n8 P: s2 |2 f+ f( M6 Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, & d7 T7 z+ n8 Z2 L3 L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 9 a: _) A6 ]$ w# a$ ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” ! [7 Q# s f$ x" W& A P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 3 z& T$ Q5 K: ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 9 U2 P. A& ?# d% \3 n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ) U: M6 Z9 f5 w8 ^# v# ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; S8 s% V4 t1 v4 B' L. |9 m"Times New Roman"">前者为因, ; `1 P( \( N* y/ h. G mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, # c% l7 v4 J6 U. z5 f* M5 O) }( Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 S: y. l; X! \; N8 y" i! b7 i0 A+ g S"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, ' v" a; H+ @* d3 b8 I9 y, M6 {# H: imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, , @( x6 ^0 z W( l# T R5 C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 0 g# e/ V2 b8 r/ i" \; W& Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 ^+ I; l q2 N, E! n- t"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 4 j- _+ b9 B5 t- h5 N s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ; ], ~; _3 e# R* l3 K7 p+ l; p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: k g l( b6 |+ U. \"Times New Roman"">“ H/ \# q' Z$ ?( @% _' m4 smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? % j+ }. U0 A) j8 s! N4 ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ; O, I4 Y& \3 V7 o: \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, % L" e- a9 `( I Y. k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: o% w$ ]" K1 F' g( rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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0 @, `! s( ~( U8 G# n) ~$ [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ) z9 v" g z6 p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, + c0 c( M& |) R3 U7 p7 i3 N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + r7 K% r4 [+ k& d! z$ q$ X* H& _"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, - ^/ p7 j3 u$ }0 A, B; R' b! o, e R: f# D" \7 ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 4 l: u" g+ P7 D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 5 b/ w/ `3 T' {# d$ @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 2 v8 j3 F6 R+ @6 Z/ X) s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里0 `' {( m6 Z+ E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 / A; T. F3 q+ Z- o. b9 V& ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(/ G' e! y9 [- K1 [( Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 7 g1 c% B7 }3 t7 t( Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用. v7 P+ R% g, P12.0pt">, 3 q! U# L' m- W* n5 ] "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, . O$ y* I0 c. A- ^, U4 Q* G3 {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , q2 |2 B2 h1 [9 D"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 4 d1 x; C$ W1 e; b! Q9 V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!8 h$ f" _5 O2 u: B) o3 i- T; E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 0 Q8 \: w( }5 j1 ]( N' B+ M# S! kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 2 v4 J1 h N9 ?" \/ F" e# Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 1 k* Q: }! F( c- U" Z2 H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 8 a& V& i3 A; p. E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: T5 K5 X$ W7 `$ C"Times New Roman"">“ : a4 h( z3 z4 l) W' X mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”; S4 a, w; v! @5 A& g 12.0pt"> ' R$ M4 M% H7 I$ S( X1 \- x"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

 

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5 u% |% T& W3 T6 t, P6 A4 ~( A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, * J) E d8 a2 g% ]+ ]( h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 0 M5 s, y) N0 ~0 _: h8 f9 R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, & T/ m; s7 [5 r4 J' `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, * m% r! G' j# w1 h: M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, ) X1 [7 V: X; b; S8 K) M6 Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # Y* I& `* {" Y3 R, p8 i"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 9 Y7 O+ d2 ~4 Q) F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 5 C- `( Z% ]: Y' L0 P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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0 P4 r( B1 q( Q) | 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 0 [9 a4 B- M3 m3 `9 f9 ?3 P8 c" z% m: |+ [. Q `2 Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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: P. Y8 |4 K' `* n* l; d# h) Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 8 C7 W" f* j$ z4 `3 _ A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 7 A$ B$ k. ?- H+ H8 bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 k- [) @3 }0 C/ q$ K+ S: S"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, ' ~4 ?/ j. [2 a) @6 Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, $ g* `, `) X4 I8 s+ P9 }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * j3 { V* m V! E# w"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,' U( a3 T/ D- \* I( [" e# Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ; Y/ L5 l n) g7 N2 N6 Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题% t1 Q5 ^" D8 i! i0 M% B! [12.0pt">: , U& S1 R; {$ t- z+ U3 l2 \"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 7 F# c3 O. e3 b% s) P7 w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才5 j; E" W3 F! Y6 C; U12.0pt">, 6 s6 ?) v- w1 j5 b% o _"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ) a2 _! W: @1 I# x8 @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % m& |$ }( r9 M"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; $ s1 _( k4 H# I& F' g& K, ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, . R: p* N3 `* X6 x6 u s& V4 { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 7 X2 ]. `4 H0 @5 _! m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / G8 D% H( V+ u- `4 _"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题: B' g, V& ]# r, s5 O( `12.0pt">; ' p- {) f) u6 g# x; |+ G "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 4 a4 ~4 v; u" j3 {: n. X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求* e7 i0 U4 ~" ]- O* e( A5 s( w2 s 12.0pt">: ' s7 Y4 B& k9 l( i; a8 q "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; ; R- ^7 G& }7 \2 I* r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 ]- M$ x6 h- n* d"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 0 T: q: P5 E+ t4 k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 3 z0 }2 A1 b% W' `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + p# @) O* [9 ]. B"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统) [1 |) Y( B/ {; q- ~/ s( | 12.0pt">:

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: l& x4 r2 K i" S/ ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 9 _- {5 F$ f" Z- o" l3 k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” # J$ @* \' M: P: w6 J; u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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- @! a$ N2 q* r" b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, , m2 `1 k7 Q4 Q- w# K `8 S& } K6 S! x# k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

 

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: L' L- V! B3 A/ s+ G e& a mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, + @& {! b% i3 N- K Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % {( v( r- W- U"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, % L5 \; k9 _' Z# w" Q- K8 m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 4 [4 }' r' @" {4 X( j7 l! f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, % _. {8 `1 T7 w9 T# K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 2 G/ a' ]. i' ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ) T6 q) i# V4 d' Z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, : T* R/ [' B, o% H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 1 N# _' ?. C- ?. Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ' w8 V' J1 b5 B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 6 F/ L( D) |! h4 i- j4 T, O* m9 Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) N1 D; M1 W" t5 s"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 1 @3 R% n4 u* [ S; u, |9 w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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$ v0 @$ E( @: i3 a4 s* j9 y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,- f# q+ b# E3 Y5 \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , P, [0 u6 q! M% K$ f"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定! Z' F7 e) L; ]$ @0 g% [ 12.0pt">, 9 \# T! W/ t5 o: a; } w"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 3 m1 w; Y4 k1 n9 L ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:7 {# ?& V6 i3 z1 y% b6 I; J) |: ^! ~ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, ( j& f+ X" R$ k% ~1 g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 4 F4 d6 [, P* E* I+ B& }4 x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, $ a! s; X/ ^! j) ~9 q6 X6 I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 0 ^' k: l& `+ u' P N; X2 Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ! H9 y3 X. i* ^( E8 n) V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ - W2 B; j- x& G! c3 [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 9 a* ~; N5 x8 L0 gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 `" O- t; F7 U* F4 C; {, y"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊