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' e1 _$ r& l b4 I' ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, * x& d( Z6 l! G" k% D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ' b, Y0 q; {* i" t5 T6 k) B: mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
u; r$ p" |9 C( T6 D& K"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, / Q- y+ t/ ~! u' q$ b9 m1 ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,' w$ Y; r8 K, u7 I, }6 c' \! p$ `& P
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
! Q" ?" T, M" R4 j% K( k! H"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。 # u* L. D" ~ u7 a1 g) m5 }
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"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,& u- y) N$ C4 U" g& X+ u0 U! \& L7 X
, x) y5 ^4 U. u2 @( @2 Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, . i" c; y& E$ _, b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 5 @- f2 B5 R% E: v" k
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"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, & y3 f9 W: R, n: g7 s/ {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 0 t# [; J8 B# N6 U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
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"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
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+ D' D( I4 n8 ~7 I! G( x' T5 \ Y! t' rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 2 ^, T( j4 R6 Y; w' Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 9 E$ ?7 ^: g6 H1 O' C
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” , a- r+ M, Y$ z* H. h7 W- n
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ / r3 p0 b+ k# {5 j" g7 {
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 9 t0 F8 _0 y( @& z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, , t+ m, H6 \" E2 a; M7 I* t2 K- h9 ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% Z1 Y" l; B7 I2 |4 z
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 1 w/ G9 `, p0 V) u5 Y6 Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, $ o1 |8 ]4 u0 g$ y
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"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, & Q+ B$ O4 V- G; f4 ^$ s9 }
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 4 R0 j; w& q% r
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( c1 M" [% u; C4 I2 p0 g"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, _" F# o }: A1 E* d. N9 j/ g" l; Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ! p. h* w# i& ^! @; o' Q3 |2 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! U/ m0 F/ b2 h4 m2 e$ f; I9 A
"Times New Roman"">“ 2 V2 S. V; Q5 g+ Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? $ h+ H! Q' x- `0 Y8 b% O3 g7 d: M4 V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ' [% J$ g, C8 H7 s# i# Y5 K& k/ @
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, + i9 Y5 Z# G5 X0 p2 J) i" ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
+ C- J" Q+ f# }3 L( |! o"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:
/ A3 ~$ h8 K ~) K1 N" j( j! R; C9 vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。 1 E0 G- f1 _( p$ @' `# T) I& U
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 - X3 o+ y; I6 L: j8 I- ~
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, # }4 z, N; I V6 Z( F2 k4 b
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3 \/ U+ C1 o" m+ ?"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, ( j4 {$ n" A- o5 n- c4 R& B. K, L. X
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
! Y2 j3 K/ {4 {2 s0 u2 N"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, & v D* {3 E; A, P1 x% z: m
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 - A% R9 Z, L3 [5 ]6 P3 C mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里0 b7 g; E, F; W5 q- ?, Y; x+ Q; m8 n) pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 ! o' m7 D5 V: M1 v: ^* p0 z! T
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(. l4 G4 e) {1 G: j4 [% K! B
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), " s" P8 p8 b1 Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
$ `0 z5 @' ~7 p5 F3 p* w! G"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用( o4 G9 l; l6 |: f# A" m/ n( i
12.0pt">, 6 \* j3 w/ F6 w/ n+ o( |6 z"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ' m* w) ~- C$ q @) zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- _/ d4 B' ]) W% {) }# }6 N& l" q
"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, ' O1 T9 }& q* X+ cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!7 @" Y6 Q3 P8 \: t' z6 u
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ( F, |# x4 `. ~3 c: {( I4 W, f0 a4 m
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"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: . ]7 C3 m& h; w& ~; L v* u' xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 7 _& V+ {1 h. W
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ! y) j- M; P* ] R
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"Times New Roman"">“ 9 m: u* O- \/ E9 b8 p3 X7 amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”: }- z# q" `: Z( P3 t
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, " b0 P& B7 w/ G9 G3 V' |) ^" x$ {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 4 H* k8 J3 S. R8 ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
+ i# [% ?4 l% t! U"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, % v' b: E+ S. T( Z; e
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 3 y6 g5 a. \8 Y7 Z: Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, - g# \. s: w" F( ^. R" h
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"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ P. b9 a+ h5 n. x( ]
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 7 m' t w1 U" `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
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"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构 2 R8 i* n+ J# q) \$ H
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 7 k Z" `7 P" v: J+ J$ {, J
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 l# ` X( G* ^# S/ d; f" N3 O8 E
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,! I( \/ K8 ]9 |; u5 B# n4 U
' s7 g" r) y! }# h4 b M, E6 Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, i% [. E* N' |- T6 h0 P, {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) }! z6 l3 C" B( @$ s
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,! ~2 Z+ X- V# i2 a8 `$ `- q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ! U: S: R% M u) I
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"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题; q6 b# X$ b7 m12.0pt">: ; s& c! P) t) O- d"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 7 |6 U/ b/ Q+ e; C# Q7 [1 @
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"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; + o6 o7 b: x$ h# c; V% G
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, ; u, A d2 g: ~9 ~ B ~/ z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ! h* ?2 T9 N- H4 R2 F: S& @7 h+ K: |
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
4 Z9 {8 t4 n. y" j7 E& a"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题0 y+ S7 i' b+ ^12.0pt">; ! U$ q; j) B V% n"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 1 ~. |. e. T* ^; w& M9 v; p$ w6 O' Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 w+ z6 M/ \/ P! a& r! S& _
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求3 U8 U& N9 c+ ]0 C12.0pt">: + P- I4 t+ @0 N; \; V- j5 T7 O
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; h* `& D. v% t; W0 L3 j5 f. U$ q
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"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统, V: n: E' h) {2 H% M12.0pt">:
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” % N6 {0 _ j+ h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕 n' c4 W6 T6 P6 f7 I. _2 d
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, G1 D' m2 j) w" p9 f( D& E"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, + i [, ^: I( @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, " b8 I. [6 }; m: h
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"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,. @' [! m/ K2 }; H3 s
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, , H9 q$ L7 @ f. v( k$ C" d# C
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"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 0 e, `5 K; ?$ K& X4 {% cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, % I2 I+ |# k6 ]; ]; X% T- ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: * }2 U9 c& Z* \# C& I3 z* q3 o
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"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ) }6 P: ^ D% G1 _( d" `# ^: v% Y
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, / W( K, @6 e$ V: yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
3 c/ P: y3 M n& k"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 9 m5 ]% h" {4 M" {+ A" ^: r- S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
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$ s5 c! o. @3 h2 r3 H9 O" Bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,1 Z$ R E: r4 G
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 k* @+ l3 W6 V$ `, H0 y& U
"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定4 F I0 T$ _( w& C3 f3 X1 t12.0pt">, - [2 c2 W; `+ [
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 7 F. I3 W) K7 L( o- ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) r; I8 K9 {8 C4 r& E$ k& \
"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:0 v; q. v, F* e9 imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, + b5 H0 q+ Z' @% W% _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, $ w. ^8 G* O5 p1 u" f! }" [; F" F
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
- ~ o5 d! @$ y# J, B9 ^"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 2 p4 k. T$ L/ m* [% y0 S6 d/ d+ b
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 9 n9 ~* X) z0 ]% Y& r) ?2 _
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 ]- Z% P' Y0 @4 E( e" q$ v
"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: . l$ q9 E+ g/ e; u
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ & w5 J) Q/ J, c! ]# ]* Z9 a
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ( l V: j( B+ Y8 p/ Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ M w( D8 @/ H
"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊 |
提升卡
置顶卡
沉默卡
喧嚣卡
变色卡
抢沙发
千斤顶
显身卡
300x180 AD
